Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's upcoming state visit to the United States has generated both anticipation and debate, given allegations of human rights violations and contentious policies under his leadership. While India's foreign minister has articulated a global perspective emphasizing a lack of true allies, President Biden sees India as a vital collaborator in tackling global issues like climate change, AI disruptions, and China's increasing influence in the Indo-Pacific.

Strengthening ties with India aligns with the Biden administration's focus on Asia and forging partnerships to counter a rising China. For Modi, this visit represents an opportunity to deliver on his promise of economic prosperity for India and enhance military and economic cooperation with the US. Concerns about Chinese military actions along their shared border and in the Indian Ocean further incentivize India's pursuit of a closer relationship with America.

Despite these shared interests, human rights concerns present a challenge for Biden. Organizations like Human Rights Watch have urged him to address India's human rights record, citing Modi's alleged involvement in the 2002 anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat and recent legislation perceived as discriminatory towards Muslims. The Indian government, however, maintains that its human rights record is sound.

Another point of contention is India's increased reliance on discounted Russian oil following the invasion of Ukraine. The US has encouraged India to decrease this dependence, but the Biden administration has proceeded cautiously to avoid jeopardizing the overall relationship. However, there are indications that India is gradually shifting away from its reliance on Russian energy.

With US-India trade reaching record levels in 2022 and defense sales also on the rise, the state visit is expected to include discussions on strengthening defense cooperation, higher education partnerships, and space exploration. However, significantly reducing India's dependence on Russian military equipment, which currently makes up 65% of its defense inventory, is anticipated to be a long-term process.

In summary, the US-India relationship holds substantial potential for both nations. While critics raise concerns about human rights and India's ties with Russia, Biden views India as a critical partner in addressing global challenges and countering China's growing influence. This state visit offers both leaders a chance to further their respective agendas and solidify their strategic partnership.